List of Abbreviations

Alternating Current

An electric current which periodically changes its direction and magnitude.

Advanced Encryption Standard

A symmetric encryption method, which is the successor of the DES.

American National Standards Institute

ANSI is an American organisation which coordinates the development of voluntary consensus standards in the USA. ANSI is a private non-profit organisation.

Application Programming Interface

The API is a software interface connecting computers or computer programs.

AUTOSAR Extensible Markup Language

An AUTOSAR xml file is an xml file standardized by AUTOSAR.

Attack Scenarios

A scenario that describes the steps and ways in which the attacker could exploit a vulnerability.

Automotive Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination

Standard in the automotive industry, which is based on the current version of the ISO/IEC 330xx series.

AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture

Standard which establishes an open and standardized software architecture for automotive electronic control units.

AUTOSAR™ Operating System

Operating System defined by AUTOSAR.

Autosar Secure Onboard Communication

SecOC is an AUTOSAR module that provides PDU (message) integrity and authentication.

Battery Electric Vehicle

BEV is a type of EV which uses the chemical energy stored in (rechargable) battery packs as its sole source of propulsion. Hence, instead of internal combustion engines, electric motors and motor controllers are used.

British Standard 15000

Standard developed by the BSI in the UK listing the requirements for professional IT service management.

Controller Area Network

High speed bus system.

Controller Area Network Flexible Data Rate

CAN FD increases the effective data-rate by allowing longer data fields.

Constant Current Charging

A form of charging where the charger supplies a relatively constant current.

Chief Information Security Officer

Responsible for planning , auditing and improving information security in an organization.

Compressed Natural Gas

CNG is a type of fuel gas. It is made out of natural gas (mainly composed of methane) and heavily compressed to less than 1% of its standard atmospheric pressure volume. Consequently, storage and distribution happen in hard containers.

Control Pilot

Name of the connector system/line which is used for the transmission of communication information.

Central Processing Unit

The CPU is a very important part of every computer. It does calculations and executes instructions.

Cyclic Redundancy Check

Complex procedure using polynomial division to check data in order to detect errors in the transmission or storage of data.

Cyclic Redundancy Check

Complex procedure using polynomial division to check data to detect errors in the transmission or storage of data.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

The CTE indicates how much a material can expand upon heating.

Constant Voltage Charging

In constant voltage charging, the full current of the charger can flow into the battery. This is stopped when the power supply reaches the pre-set voltage.

Direct Current

Electric current which flows in only one direction.

Direct Copper Bonded

A type of substrate which is often used in power modules due its good thermal conductivity. It is made out of a ceramic tile (commonly alumina) and copper sheets.

Denial-of-Service Attack

In a denial-of-service attack, the system is deliberately bombarded with so many requests that it can no longer cope with the tasks.

Data Encryption Standard

A symmetric encryption method.

Depth of Discharge

The depth of discharge indicates the percentage (or fraction) of the capacity which has been removed from a fully-charged battery.

Damage Scenario

Direct Torque Control

Method used in variable-frequency drives to control the torque (and thus finally the speed) of three-phase AC electric motors.

Electronic Control Unit

Electronic module, which is responsible for the control and adjustment of the operation of a car or machine.

Electrical Machine

A device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. Hence, we differ between motor mode and generator mode depending on the direction of conversion.

Electromagnetic Compatibility

EMC is the ability of electrical equipment and systems to function properly in their electromagnetic environment without impairing each other’s functions. Otherwise we would speak of electromagnetic interference (EMI).

Electromotive Force

When a non-electrical source is converting other forms of energy into electrical energy, EMF is produced. Eventhough the word "force" is used, EMF doesn't actually describe a physical force, but the voltage produced by a non-electrical system. For example a generator is producing EMF by convertig mechnical energy.

Basic Data Protection Regulation of the European Union

Electric Vehicle

Generic term used for vehicles which run on electric power.

Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment

Another term used to refer to charging stations for plug-in electric vehicles.

Fundamental Stator Frequency

Federal Communications Commissions

An independent government agency in the USA. It regulates radio, satellite and cable communications. It enforces American communications laws.

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

An FCEV is an EV which uses a fuel cell as its source of propulsion, sometimes with an additional small battery. The electricity for these vehicles comes from oxygen (from the air) and compressed hydrogen.

Fast Data Channel

Data channel of the SENT bus protocol.

Fast Data Channel

Data channel of the SENT bus protocol.

Fault-current circuit breaker

First-In-First-Out

FIFO is a scheduling policy used in multitasking operating systems, where the tasks are executed in the order of arrival.

Field Oriented Control

Vector control for the control of electric motors.

Fuzz Testing

Fuzz Testing or Fuzzing is an automated software testing technique that involves providing invalid, unexpected, or random data as inputs to a computer program.

Firmware

Gallium Nitride

Abbreviation is also used to directly refer to semiconductor devices made from this material.

General Data Protection Regulation

A European Union regulation that harmonizes the rules for processing personal information across the EU.

Gate Turn-Off Thyristor

High Level Communication

Highest Response Ratio Next

HRRN is a scheduling policy used in multitasking operating systems, where the task with the highest response ration is executed next. The response ratio takes the execution time and the waiting time into account.

Hardware Security Module

A Hardware Security Module secures cryptographic procedures and ensures secure, encrypted data exchange.

High Voltage

Hardware

International Business Machines Corporation

IBM is an American multinational technology company with a focus on computer hardware and software as well as consulting.

In-Cable Control and Protection Device

This device contains a fault-current circuit breaker, communicates with the vehicle and controls the charging process.

Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor

Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems

IDPS generate events and provide functions that can defend against a detected attack.

IEC 61851

European standard on wired charging of electric vehicles.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

A large international technical professional organisation. It publishes scientific journals, organises conferences and takes care of technological standards.

Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor

Induction Machine

Also called "Asynchronous Machine".

Inter OS-Application Communicator

AUTOSAR™ introduces the Inter OS-Application Communicator that supports the communication between OS-Applications located on the same, or on different cores.

Information Security Management System

The information security management system is an organization's approach to implementing information security.

Information Security Management System

The information security management system is an organization's approach to implementing information security.

International Organization for Standardization

The ISO develops international standards.

International Organization for Standardization

An international organisation that develops and publishes norms and standards.

IT Infrastructure Library

A collection of processes and tasks that make IT service management more effective.

Inductance in d-Axis

Here the rotor is aligned with the poles.

Inductance in q-Axis

Here the rotor is aligned with the gaps.

Last Significant Bit

The bit with the lowest significance.

Moment of Torque

This is often simply refered to as "moment" or "torque".

Microcontroller Unit

Semiconductor chip that contains one or more processors and peripheral functions at the same time.

Microcontroller Unit

Semiconductor chip that contains one or more processors and peripheral functions at the same time.

Memory Protection Unit

The memory protection unit provides memory protection. This can include the assignment of memory partitions, which can be accessed only with memory access permission.

Most Significant Bit

The bit with the highest significance of a binary number. Normally the leftmost one.

New Energy Vehicle

An umbrella term for vehicles with one of the following drive technologies: BEV, PHEV or FCEV. It does not include HEV without a plug-in. This term is mainly used in China.

National Institute of Standards and Technology

NIST is a US agency of the United States Depeartment of Commerce. It is focused on standardisation processes.

National Institute of Standards and Technology

A federal agency of the United States.

Non Return to Zero Code

A method to encode binary signals. The voltage per binary digit remains constant and does not return to 0.

National Security Agency

NSA is the national-level intelligence agency of the USA.

(Rotational) Speed of the Stator Field

Noise, Vibration, and Harshness

As the name implies, it describes the study and modification of the noise and vibration of vehicles, as well as the subjectively measured harshness.

On-Board Charging Device

A charging device with rectifier built into the EV. It is necessary for changing AC to DC.

On-Board Diagnostics

is a vehicle diagnostic system. During driving operation, all systems that influence exhaust emissions are monitored, as well as other important control units.

Open-Circuit Voltage

The OCV is given as the difference of electrical potential between two terminals of a device when this device is disconnected from a circuit.

Original Equipment Manufacturer

A manufacturer who doesn't market their own products. However, in the automotive industry, we also refer to car manufacturers in general as OEMs.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Modulation method in high-level communication for electrical charging.

Operating System

The operating system builds an interface between the hardware and the application software of a computer.

Offene Systeme und deren Schnittstellen für die Elektronik in Kraftfahrzeugen

Open Systems and their Interfaces for the Electronics in Motor Vehicles

OSEK Operating System

Operating System defined by the OSEK consortium

Open Systems Interconnection Model

Conceptual model for network protocols as layers

Open Systems Interconnection Model

Conceptual reference model for network protocols.

Over-the-Air

Vehicle updates via the Internet.

Printed Circuit Board

Power Electronics

Penetration Test

A Penetration Test is an authorized simulated cyberattack that is performed to evaluate the security of the system.

Power Factor Correction

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

A PHEV has an on-board internal combustion engine-powered generator, but can also run on electric power with a battery, which is recharged via the plug.

Powerline Communication

Information is transmitted via a power cable.

Permanent Magnet

Provided Port

A PPort provides the elements defined in a port interface.

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

Sometimes also refered to as PMSM.

Pulse Width Modulation

Modulation type in which a technical quantity alternates between two values.

Thermal Resistance

Required Port

A RPort requires the elements defined in a port interface.

Required Provided Port

provides and requires the elements defined in a port interface.

Runtime Environment

The Runtime Environment is the realization of the Virtual Fuctional Bus.

Return to Zero Code

A method to encode binary signals. The voltage returns to 0 in every clock pulse.

Society of Automotive Engineers

Global association that develops standards and regulations for the automotive industry.

Society of Automotive Engineers

Global association that develops standards and regulations for the automotive industry.

Scalability Class

AUTOSAR OS is scalable to different use cases by introducing four scalability classes.

Schuko Plug

A shockproof plug. The name derives from the German acronym for "Schutz-Kontakt". These types of plugs and sockets are very common in Europe.

Silicon Controlled Rectifier

Slow Data Message

Message sent via the slow data channel of the SENT bus protocol.

Single Edge Nibble Transmission

Standardized data protocol that regulates communication between sensors and control units in cars.

Single Edge Nibble Transmission

Standardized data protocol that regulates communication between sensors and control units in cars.

Silicon Carbide

Abbreviation is also used to directly refer to semiconductor devices made from this material.

Shortest Job Next

SJN is a scheduling policy used in multitasking operating systems, where the task with the shortest execution time is executed next.

Signal Level Attenuation Characterization

Small and medium enterprises

State of Charge

For an electric battery, SOC describes the level of charge relative to its capacity.

State of Health

For an electric battery, the SOH indicates the current condition of the battery in comparioson to its ideal condition.

Substitution-Permutation Network

SPN describes a certain type of block cipher (which uses substitutions and permutations). It can be found with AES.

Space Vector PWM

Software

Software Component

A software component is an element of a component based application and has defined interfaces to communicate with other components. AUTOSAR™ defines software components as architectural elements that provide and/or require interfaces and are connected to each other through the Virtual Function Bus to fulfill architectural responsibilities.

Software Free Running Timer

The Software Free Running Timer module provides a piece of code accessing one or more hardware timers.

Reluctance Torque

Torque part out of saliency.

Synchronous Torque

Torque part out of magnetic flux and current.

Total Torque

Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment

(TARA) is a method for identifying and assessing cyber vulnerabilities and selecting countermeasures that can mitigate them.

Trusted Information Security Assessment Exchange

A standard published by the Association of the Automotive Industry.

Transport Layer Security

TLS is an encryption protocol for secure data transmission on the Internet.

Target of Evaluation

is used in the IT security policy environment to designate a part of an IT system as an object for IT security evaluation.

True Random Number Generator

is a hardware component that generates a string of random bits, which can be used as a cryptographic key.

Phase Voltage

Usually, we are talking about the three-phase voltages v_a, v_b and v_c.

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

Virtual Functional Bus

The Virtual Functinal Bus ist the main communication concept of the AUTOSAR Classic Platform.

Variable-Frequency Drive

Frequency converter.

Worst-Case Execution Time

The WCET describes the maximum time it can take to execute a task on a specific hardware platform.

Exclusive-Or

Logic operation for two elements.